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<TITLE>The History Of British Phreaking</TITLE>
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<PRE>
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ $
$ THE HISTORY OF BRITISH PHREAKING $
$ -=- -=-=-=- -- -=-=-=- -=-=-=-=- $
$ $
$ THE SECOND IN A SERIES OF $
$ THE HISTORY OF.....PHILES $
$ $
$ WRITTEN AND UPLOADED BY: $
$ $
$$$$$$$$$$$$-= LEX LUTHOR =-$$$$$$$$$$$
$ AND $
$ THE LEGION OF DOOM! $
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
</PRE>
Note: The British post office, is the US Equivalent of Ma Bell.<P>
In Britain, phreaking goes back to the early fifties, when the technique
of 'toll a drop back' was discovered. Toll a was an exchange near St.
Pauls which routed calls between London and nearby non-London exchanges.
The trick was to dial an unallocate number, and then depress the
receiver-rest for 1/2 second. This flashing initiated the 'clear forward'
signal, leaving the caller with an open line into the toll exchange. The
could then dial 018, which forwarded him to the trunk exchange at that
time, the first long distance exchange in Britain and follow it with the
code for the distant exchange to which he would be connected at no extra
charge.<P>
The signals needed to control the UK network today were published in the
"institution of post office engineers journal" and reprinted in the
Sunday Times (15 Oct. 1972).<P>
The signalling system they use: signalling system no. 3 uses pairs of
frequencies selected from 6 tones separated by 120hz. With that info,
the phreaks made "bleepers" or as they are called here in the US. "blue
box", but they do utilise different mf tones then the US., Thus, your US.
Blue box that you smuggled into the UK will not work, unless you change
the frequencies.<P>
In the early seventies, a simpler system based on different numbers of
pulses with the same frequency (2280hz) was used. For more info on that,
try to get a hold of: atkinson's "telephony and systems technology".<P>
In the early days of British phreaking, the Cambridge university titan
computer was used to record and circulate numbers found by the exhaustive
dialling of local networks. These numbers were used to create a chain of
links from local exchange to local exchange across the country, bypassing
the trunk circuits. Because the internal routing codes in the UK network
are not the same as those dialled by the caller, the phreaks had to
discover them by 'probe and listen' techniques or more commonly known in
the US-- Scanning. What they did was put in likely signals and listened
to find out if they succeeded. The results of scanning were circulated to
other phreaks. Discovering each other took time at first, but eventually
the phreaks became organised. The "map" of Britain was
called "undercurrents" which enabled British phreaks to share the info on
new numbers, equipment etc.<P>
To understand what the British phreaks did, think of the phone network in
three layers of lines: local, trunk, and international. In the UK,
subscriber trunk dialling (std), is the mechanism which takes a call from
the local lines and (legitimately) elevates it to a trunk or international
level.The UK phreaks figured that a call at trunk level can be routed
through any number of exchanges, provided that the right routing codes
were found and used correctly. They also had to discover how to get from
local to trunk level either without being charged (which they did with a
bleeper box) or without using (std). Chaining has already been mentioned
but it requires long strings of digits and speech gets more and more faint
as the chain grows, just like it does when you stack trunks back and forth
across the U.S. The way the security reps snagged the phreaks was to put
a simple 'printermeter' or as we call it: a pen register on the suspects
line, which shows every digit dial d from the subscribers line.<P>
The British prefer to get onto the trunks rather than chaining. One way
was to discover where local calls use the trunks between neighbouring
exchanges, start a call and stay on the trunk instead of returning to the
local level on reaching the distant switch. This again required
exhaustive dialing and made more work for titan; it also revealed
'fiddles', which were inserted by post office engineers.<P>
What fiddling means is that the engineers rewired the exchanges for their
own benefit. The equipment is modified to give access to a trunk with
out being charged, an operation which is pretty easy in step by step
(sxs) electromechanical exchanges, which were installed in Britain even in
the 1970s (note: I know of a back door into the Canadian system on a 4a
co., So if you are on sxs or a 4a, try scanning 3 digit exchanges, i.e.:
dial 999,998,997 etc. and listen for the beep-kerchink, if there are no 3
digit codes which allow direct access to a tandem in your local exchange
and bypasses the ama so you won't be billed, not have to blast 2600 every
time you wish to box a call.<P>
A famous British 'fiddler' revealed in the early 1970s worked by dialling
173. The caller then added the trunk code of 1 and the subscribers local
number. At that time, most engineering test services began with 17x, so
the engineers could hide their fiddles in the nest of service wires. When
security reps started searching, the fiddles were concealed by tones
signalling: 'number unobtainable' or 'equipment engaged' which switched
off after a delay. The necessary relays are small and easily hidden.<P>
There was another side to phreaking in the UK in the sixties. Before std
was widespread, many 'ordinary' people were driven to. Occasional
phreaking from sheer frustration at the inefficient operator controlled
trunk system. This came to a head during a strike about 1961 when
operators could not be reached. Nothing complicated was needed. Many
operators had been in the habit of repeating the codes as they dialled the
requested numbers so people soon learnt the numbers they called
frequently. The only trick' was to know which exchanges could be dialled
through to pass on the trunk number. callers also needed a pretty quiet
place to do it, since timing relative to clicks was important the most
famous trial of British phreaks was called the old bailey trial. Which
started on 3 Oct. 1973. What they phreaks did was to dial a spare number
at a local call rate but involving a trunk to another exchange then they
send a 'clear forward' to their local exchange, indicating to it that the
call is finished; but the distant exchange doesn't realise because the
caller's phone is still off the hook. They now have an open line into the
distant trunk exchange and sends to it a 'seize' signal: '1' which puts
him onto its outgoing lines now, if they know the codes, the world is open
to them. All other exchanges trust his local exchange to handle the
billing; they just interpret the tones they hear. Mean while, the local
exchange collects only for a local call.<P>
The investigators discovered the phreaks holding a conference somewhere
in England surrounded by various phone equipment and bleeper boxes, also
printouts listing 'secret' post office codes. (they probably got them
from trashing?) The judge said: "some take to heroin, some take to
telephones" for them phone phreaking was not a crime but a hobby to be
shared with fellow enthusiasts and discussed with the post office openly
over dinner and by mail. Their approach and attitude to the worlds
largest computer, the global telephone system, was that of scientists
conducting experiments or programmers and engineers testing programs and
systems. The judge appeared to agree, and even asked them for phreaking
codes to use from his local exchange!!!<P>
<HR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>The History Of British Phreaking</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:coldfire@paranoia.com">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR = "#ffffff">
<BASEFONT SIZE=3>
<PRE>
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ $
$ THE HISTORY OF BRITISH PHREAKING $
$ -=- -=-=-=- -- -=-=-=- -=-=-=-=- $
$ $
$ THE SECOND IN A SERIES OF $
$ THE HISTORY OF.....PHILES $
$ $
$ WRITTEN AND UPLOADED BY: $
$ $
$$$$$$$$$$$$-= LEX LUTHOR =-$$$$$$$$$$$
$ AND $
$ THE LEGION OF DOOM! $
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
</PRE>
Note: The British post office, is the US Equivalent of Ma Bell.<P>
In Britain, phreaking goes back to the early fifties, when the technique
of 'toll a drop back' was discovered. Toll a was an exchange near St.
Pauls which routed calls between London and nearby non-London exchanges.
The trick was to dial an unallocate number, and then depress the
receiver-rest for 1/2 second. This flashing initiated the 'clear forward'
signal, leaving the caller with an open line into the toll exchange. The
could then dial 018, which forwarded him to the trunk exchange at that
time, the first long distance exchange in Britain and follow it with the
code for the distant exchange to which he would be connected at no extra
charge.<P>
The signals needed to control the UK network today were published in the
"institution of post office engineers journal" and reprinted in the
Sunday Times (15 Oct. 1972).<P>
The signalling system they use: signalling system no. 3 uses pairs of
frequencies selected from 6 tones separated by 120hz. With that info,
the phreaks made "bleepers" or as they are called here in the US. "blue
box", but they do utilise different mf tones then the US., Thus, your US.
Blue box that you smuggled into the UK will not work, unless you change
the frequencies.<P>
In the early seventies, a simpler system based on different numbers of
pulses with the same frequency (2280hz) was used. For more info on that,
try to get a hold of: atkinson's "telephony and systems technology".<P>
In the early days of British phreaking, the Cambridge university titan
computer was used to record and circulate numbers found by the exhaustive
dialling of local networks. These numbers were used to create a chain of
links from local exchange to local exchange across the country, bypassing
the trunk circuits. Because the internal routing codes in the UK network
are not the same as those dialled by the caller, the phreaks had to
discover them by 'probe and listen' techniques or more commonly known in
the US-- Scanning. What they did was put in likely signals and listened
to find out if they succeeded. The results of scanning were circulated to
other phreaks. Discovering each other took time at first, but eventually
the phreaks became organised. The "map" of Britain was
called "undercurrents" which enabled British phreaks to share the info on
new numbers, equipment etc.<P>
To understand what the British phreaks did, think of the phone network in
three layers of lines: local, trunk, and international. In the UK,
subscriber trunk dialling (std), is the mechanism which takes a call from
the local lines and (legitimately) elevates it to a trunk or international
level.The UK phreaks figured that a call at trunk level can be routed
through any number of exchanges, provided that the right routing codes
were found and used correctly. They also had to discover how to get from
local to trunk level either without being charged (which they did with a
bleeper box) or without using (std). Chaining has already been mentioned
but it requires long strings of digits and speech gets more and more faint
as the chain grows, just like it does when you stack trunks back and forth
across the U.S. The way the security reps snagged the phreaks was to put
a simple 'printermeter' or as we call it: a pen register on the suspects
line, which shows every digit dial d from the subscribers line.<P>
The British prefer to get onto the trunks rather than chaining. One way
was to discover where local calls use the trunks between neighbouring
exchanges, start a call and stay on the trunk instead of returning to the
local level on reaching the distant switch. This again required
exhaustive dialing and made more work for titan; it also revealed
'fiddles', which were inserted by post office engineers.<P>
What fiddling means is that the engineers rewired the exchanges for their
own benefit. The equipment is modified to give access to a trunk with
out being charged, an operation which is pretty easy in step by step
(sxs) electromechanical exchanges, which were installed in Britain even in
the 1970s (note: I know of a back door into the Canadian system on a 4a
co., So if you are on sxs or a 4a, try scanning 3 digit exchanges, i.e.:
dial 999,998,997 etc. and listen for the beep-kerchink, if there are no 3
digit codes which allow direct access to a tandem in your local exchange
and bypasses the ama so you won't be billed, not have to blast 2600 every
time you wish to box a call.<P>
A famous British 'fiddler' revealed in the early 1970s worked by dialling
173. The caller then added the trunk code of 1 and the subscribers local
number. At that time, most engineering test services began with 17x, so
the engineers could hide their fiddles in the nest of service wires. When
security reps started searching, the fiddles were concealed by tones
signalling: 'number unobtainable' or 'equipment engaged' which switched
off after a delay. The necessary relays are small and easily hidden.<P>
There was another side to phreaking in the UK in the sixties. Before std
was widespread, many 'ordinary' people were driven to. Occasional
phreaking from sheer frustration at the inefficient operator controlled
trunk system. This came to a head during a strike about 1961 when
operators could not be reached. Nothing complicated was needed. Many
operators had been in the habit of repeating the codes as they dialled the
requested numbers so people soon learnt the numbers they called
frequently. The only trick' was to know which exchanges could be dialled
through to pass on the trunk number. callers also needed a pretty quiet
place to do it, since timing relative to clicks was important the most
famous trial of British phreaks was called the old bailey trial. Which
started on 3 Oct. 1973. What they phreaks did was to dial a spare number
at a local call rate but involving a trunk to another exchange then they
send a 'clear forward' to their local exchange, indicating to it that the
call is finished; but the distant exchange doesn't realise because the
caller's phone is still off the hook. They now have an open line into the
distant trunk exchange and sends to it a 'seize' signal: '1' which puts
him onto its outgoing lines now, if they know the codes, the world is open
to them. All other exchanges trust his local exchange to handle the
billing; they just interpret the tones they hear. Mean while, the local
exchange collects only for a local call.<P>
The investigators discovered the phreaks holding a conference somewhere
in England surrounded by various phone equipment and bleeper boxes, also
printouts listing 'secret' post office codes. (they probably got them
from trashing?) The judge said: "some take to heroin, some take to
telephones" for them phone phreaking was not a crime but a hobby to be
shared with fellow enthusiasts and discussed with the post office openly
over dinner and by mail. Their approach and attitude to the worlds
largest computer, the global telephone system, was that of scientists
conducting experiments or programmers and engineers testing programs and
systems. The judge appeared to agree, and even asked them for phreaking
codes to use from his local exchange!!!<P>
<HR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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